Journalism ethics in a social media world

Posted on
1

Earlier this month I spoke at a Media140 event about the ethical dilemmas faced by journalism in an age of social media. I thought I’d write up some of my thoughts here:

In my previous life I was an academic at the Cardiff School of Journalism, Media and Cultural Studies. One of my roles was as ‘Deputy Ethics Officer’ (yes my Mum was proud;)) and was involved in the development of ethical guidelines for the School in 2005. In the past decade Universities have been forced to institutionalise ethics for two reasons: to protect students who want to undertake research in dangerous situations (for example an MA student wanting to understand the life of sex workers in Thai brothels), or more importantly to protect vulnerable subjects (for example people with learning difficulties, children etc).

The ethical principles are clear and shared across academic disciplines. Researchers know to ask for consent from participants before asking questions, keep data confidential etc, but these shared principles weren’t so easy to get passed in our School of Journalism. As one of my colleagues stated: “I’m a journalist. My job is to expose the corrupt and if the only way I can do that is by going through their rubbish bin to find credit card receipts, that’s what I’m going to do. You can’t get me to sign up to these universal guidelines”.

That exchange exposed in a second, the ethical complexities inherent in journalism. And it is for that reason that the arrival of social media has not created fundamentally new ethical quandaries. Yes, at the boundaries, social media is forcing newsroom editors to make snap decisions about whether or not to publish a photo, whether or not to upload content, but fundamentally nothing is new. For the most part, the five main issues that are causing the most problems, are issues that have always been problematic – they have just been transplanted into digital scenarios instead. These five issues are: copyright; verification; protecting sources, gathering information using false pretenses; contempt of court. I will talk about these in separate blogs at a later point, but ultimately my argument is that these issues have always existed. What is more challenging now are the issues that exist at the boundary. Here are a few scenarios. What would you do in each?

1. Someone posts to a public facebook page that is campaigning to keep a local hospital open. You work at a local radio station and read the post out on air. The person complains saying they didn’t agree to their words being shared on a broadcast medium. Should you have not read out the statement, or perhaps read it out but not read out the name?

2. Someone calls up a radio station and gets angry in an over the top way about a topic everyone can relate to. Your producer puts the audio on a social network and it goes viral and he becomes a laughing stock around the world.Is it appropriate to put out audio on social networks when the person doesn’t know first?

3. There’s a large fire and a student journalist contacts the newsroom saying they are happy to cross police lines to get you some footage. You can’t get a camera crew down there for 40 minutes, what do you do?

4. Someone has been murdered. You can access information about them as they had their profile open to friends of friends and you happen to have gone to the same University. Do you publish their last status update or do you contact the family first?

(See my suggested ethical ‘answers’ below)

These first two scenarios have at their heart the way the audience perceives social networks. Journalists might argue that a facebook wall is a broadcast medium in the same way as a radio station, but users with locked down profile settings who are confused that posts on a facebook page are not private, might not. Similarly people who call up radio stations, understand what that means, but don’t understand how that same material could make its way around the world. Similarly, people post to facebook, believing they are writing for a particular audience, and not thinking about how information would be perceived by others. In my training, I often ask people to check to see what a journalist would find out about them if tomorrow, they either won the lottery or disappeared without a trace. What would the headline be?

As Deputy Ethics Officer I undertook some research into how online communities perceived ‘lurkers’ as increasingly researchers in the department were using online message boards as a form of audience research. Again and again, they would say that while they technically understood that their online community (a message board) was public, they couldn’t understand why academic researchers or journalists could just listen to their conversations without introducing themselves and explaining what they were interested in.

In a 2008 survey carried out by the Press Complaints Commission, 78% of respondents would change information they publish about themselves online if they thought the material would later be reproduced in the mainstream media. I would be interested to see if that number has changed now that people are more savvy. But the crucial element here is that savviness is often directly correlated with education and income. For much more completely brilliant writing on this area, you must read danah boyd’s work.

We are in a transitional period where people are working out what these new spaces mean to them. While spaces might be technically public, they don’t feel public to the tight knit communities using them. Ethical considerations are never black and white and ultimately come down to individual decisions about what is right and wrong. When working in an incredibly pressured environment with competitors using information you deep down know isn’t appropriate, it’s harder to do what’s ‘right’, but slowly we’re seeing newsrooms and the ‘audience’ becoming more sophisticated about these issues. Photographers are watermarking their pictures, people are checking their facebook settings and producers are contacting contributors before uploading potentially viral content to audioboo.

Ethical considerations are evolving  and while their are hitches, confusion, and some dubious incidents, for the most part I’d say that we’re moving in the right direction, without the need for any guidelines or directives. And that has to be a good thing.

Suggested ‘Answers’

  1. Read out but don’t read out the name
  2. Explain to contributors beforehand that content might be shared on the web.
  3. Say no, however tempting.
  4. No again, however tempting.

When the subject becomes the creator…

Posted on
1

Disclaimer: I have been working with the BBC Radio 4 appeal for the past 9 months, but I wanted to share this as I think it’s beautiful and incredibly moving. Below I explain how it came about.

For me, it’s an example of why digital tools and social media can have such impact on voluntary organisations that work directly with people. It’s easy for organisations to go about their work, but then use social media to slickly ‘broadcast’ their news from an official perspective. But more and more are realising the ways in which the tools themselves offer the potential for ‘clients’ to show or describe in their own words, how an organisation has helped them.

The Connection at St Martin’s helps homeless people by providing specialist services to over 200 people in central London every day. They offer a day and night centre, outreach for rough sleepers, skills training and career advice, activity programmes and specialist support for complex needs.

It would have been very easy to create an audio slideshow produced using stock images of homelessness taken by a professional photographer, a sympathetic voice-over and a Coldplay track playing softly underneath. Instead these photos came from a photography project at The Connection, where clients were given disposable cameras. At first there were discussions about providing particular themes (e.g. take a photo at dawn, take a photo of your possessions), but it seemed most appropriate to keep instructions to a minimum.

In addition, rather than doing formal interviews with the clients about their experiences, they had their usual weekly workshops and instead, all conversations were recorded, to produce natural dialogue about the photographs and the motivations for taking them. The audio from this particular slideshow was taken during an interview between Jamie and Libby Purves for the official Christmas appeal broadcast but there are plans that some of the other audio from the workshops can be lifted out and shared more widely.

The Connection already has quite a track record of using art as a way of working with clients and they have exhibitions of clients’ work and a facebook page profiling some of the artwork. Many of the pieces are absolutely beautiful and it’s wonderful that flickr and facebook provide a way of showcasing them to a wider audience. (It’s well worth clicking on these links. Flickr features all of the photos taken as part of the photography project, and the facebook page features different types of artwork created by clients at The Connection).

So it’s perhaps not surprising they just won a Talk Talk’s Digital Heroes award,  a scheme to reward individuals who are using digital technology to benefit their local communities.

Last year a poem by Jamie featured in an audioslideshow. According to Sally Flatman, the Radio 4 Appeals producer, “I think last year was, in a way, a building block for this year. We had Jamie’s poem which was very powerful but the only way we had of illustrating it was by existing photographs. We felt very much this year that we wanted the slideshow to be more of a whole, not pictures bolted onto someone’s audio or audio bolted onto someone’s pictures.  We’re learning that these slideshows can be a very powerful way of someone telling their story. “

Technology today allows anyone to become a creator, and when they do, the results can be absolutely stunning. Please share this slideshow as widely as possible this Christmas.

Tubestrike 4: Crowdmap’s final test

Posted on
4

On the 6th September, London Underground staff staged the first of four walk-outs. On Monday, Londoners face the final of these planned stikes.  I have been working with BBC London, encouraging the use of the Ushahidi crowdmap platform to report the effects of the last three strikes on the city. (I wrote up lessons form the first strike here).

From the beginning we had planned to use the crowdmap for all of the strikes so we could compare, contrast and learn as we went.

As I emphasised here, the map has demonstrated very clearly, that on certain stories, collaboration is the only possible way to report events. BBC London could not resource reporters at every station checking to see whether it was open or closed throughout the day, at every bus stop taking pictures of overcrowding, or giving tips about unclogged roads or the locations of available Boris Bikes.

And yet, while people are looking at the map in large numbers (about 20,000 uniqiue visitors each time) the number of people submitting tips, pictures and experiences is still small. Yes, the #tubestrike hashtag has provided some of the best material, but the map still feels locked in a social media bubble.

I try to imagine what the map would look like if it was covered in red dots, with real-time updates about the current travel situation. The network effect would take hold. The more people use it, the more useful it would become, and more people would use it.

I feel uncomfortable comparing ushahidi deployments, as it’s inappropriate to compare commuters being inconvenienced on their way to work with the terrible situation experienced by Pakistanis during the recent floods (pakreport.org), or the situation in Moscow last summer when the fires took hold (russian-fires.ru). But in Pakistan they’ve had over 2000 reports (a cry for help was posted this morning from someone who has lost everything and can’t get support), and the Russian fires received over 1600 reports.

The London maps have received a handful of direct reports. We’ve been posting content which included the #tubestrike hastag on twitter, adding verified station closure information, and posting audioboos from BBC London reporters, but we’ve received very few emails, SMS’s or reports submitted on the crowdmap itself.

When this tubestrike ends, I will be writing up a report about what has worked, what hasn’t, but mostly, whether this sort of effort can be justified from a resourcing point of view.

Personally, I think it is important that the BBC has a space where this sort of collaborative journalism can be encouraged, but if reports from the audience are minimal, should the crowdmap be resourced?

Is part of the problem the fact that this map appears to be “sponsored” by the BBC. Do people feel like the BBC must know the current situation and therefore they have little to offer? Does it feel too top down rather than community-driven?

We’re going to give it one last push next Monday, and I’d be very grateful if you could use online spaces to encourage people to use it – facebook, message boards, and blogs, as well as offline spaces – in your places of work, down the pub, and around your breakfast table.

And finally, any feedback would be very gratefully received, both technical but also in terms of use and content. Ushahidi have been brilliant to work with, and are hungry for user testing and feedback, and I will pass on to them everything we have learned.

But overall, we want to learn from this experiment. When big events strike, is crowdmap a useful way of describing the impact?

#Tubestrike 2: This Time We’re Serious

Posted on
8

As a broadcast organisation, planning how to cover a major piece of industrial action is never easy. Just when extra people have been placed on shift, bulletins have been altered and the cameras are in place, strikes can be called off at the last minute. The same might apply for the next 24 hour walkout of tube station staff (3/4th October), but in case it doesn’t, we’re preparing for the worst.

As many of you know, BBC London used the new cloud based Ushahidi platform, crowdmap to cover the first in this series of strikes on the 7th September. It was definitely an experiment but we were very happy with how it went. I wrote a blog post with some of my reflections here; in terms of what worked and what we might want to do differently.

We have decided that we would like to use the map again if the strike goes ahead, and our decision is based on one key reason: this is a story that can’t be reported any other way.

While I was excited about using the platform, that came from my passion for social media, and my hope that the experiment would work. It didn’t feel like a journalistic imperative, and some of my colleagues weren’t quite as excited as I was.

But our experience on the day convinced everyone, purely because the BBC’s usual reliance on official sources just could not work in this situation. It was in the Union’s interest to tell the story that stations were closed and that maximum disruption had been achieved. Conversely it was in the interests of Transport for London (TfL) to tell us that as many stations as possible were open.

It wasn’t simply a case of both sides deliberately failing to tell the truth, it was more a case of massaging the truth, and protecting working staff. TfL were moving staff around during the day, opening stations and then closing them just as quickly, trying to keep the locations secret so Union pickets couldn’t be moved around ahead of them.

As a result, as the day progressed it became increasingly clear that we couldn’t rely on the information coming from either side. On crowdmap, during the moderation process, it forces you to define a new report as verified or unverified. At first we were verifying information from the TfL website but we quickly stopped doing that. We found we were posting information but Londoners almost immediately began to dispute those reports via twitter or crowdmap itself.

The point of this post is to ask that people get the word out. The original crowdmap received almost 20,000 unique visitors and obviously we were very happy with that, but we’re also aware that many of those visitors were social media types from all over the world intrigued by the combination of ‘BBC’ ‘crowdsourcing’ and ‘ushahidi’ in a tweet.

Our hope for the proposed strike next week is that the crowdmap becomes a really useful tool for people trying to get to and from work. So we’re asking for a few favours:

  1. Please get the word out – post the map on your blogs, twitter, facebook.
  2. Tell people who live in London they can email us (yourlondon@bbc.co.uk), phone us on 020 7765 1064 or send us an SMS (using 81333 and starting the message LONDON STRIKE).
  3. Show people who might not have seen it, what the map looks like and how they could use it.
  4. Tell us which categories you’d like to see on the map to make it more useful for you.

This isn’t an example of journalists playing with a new tool, or one of those interactive exercises where no-one actually pays as much attention as they should do to the material being submitted. This is our opportunity as Londoners to tell the story of the tubestrike in the only way possible – as a collective force.

The BBC can’t place reporters at every tube station or bus stop, but it can help collate the experiences of millions of Londoners on the 3rd October.

This experiment needs to move out of social media land and into the hands of Londoners to make their commute easier. Its success relies on as many people as possible posting their reports. Let’s see what a real crowdsourcing initiative can look like.

Social Media and the UK election

Posted on
1

On Thursday I gave a short presentation at the Media140 #ozpolitics conference in Canberra. My slides are up here, but I thought it was also worth sharing some of the key points.

I wrote a couple of blog posts before the UK election about the potential role of social media, here and here, and I had meant to write a wrap up immediately afterwards, but heh ho…best laid plans etc.

Four months on, and after watching the Australian election unfold in August/September, I’ve had time to reflect on the role of social media in these elections. Here are five conclusions:

1) We need to stop trying to compare apples with oranges. The British and Australian election systems are very different to the US one. In the US, there are more ways, and more time (significantly longer campaigns – years rather than weeks) for people to get involved. Social media helps to build community, but like any community in real life, that takes time.

During the conference, Ambassador Bleich, the current US ambassador to Australia and a campaign advisor for Obama, gave an excellent talk about the ways in which the online aspects of Obama’s campaign were deliberately designed to mimic the off-line campaigning experiences which are the bread and butter of US elections. During extremely short campaigns, where these sorts of fundraising and get-out-the-vote experiences don’t exist, it’s impossible for political parties to directly copy Obama’s techniques.

However, all political parties know there will be future elections, and serious forward planning should be taking place already.

2) We should also stop talking about social media and elections without clearly differentiating between the way it is used by

  • political parties;
  • mainstream media;
  • audience.

Again we tend to make sweeping statements about the impact of social media without clearly defining our terms.

In the UK context, while the political parties and on the whole, the mainstream media were not using social media innovatively to connect with the electorate or the audience, the audience themselves were being very playful, collaborative and active in the social media space.

BBC research after the election showed that 63% of of the audience who use facebook said they either saw or posted something to do with the election on facebook. Yes, it’s true that 57% of the British population isn’t on facebook, and these BBC figures show that 37% of British people on facebook didn’t do anything to do with the election on the social networking site, but when apathy is increasing and turnout, (even during the closest election for 10 years) is 65%, I’ll take those figures.

3) We should stop seeing off and online as separate spaces. The reason television and radio figures are higher than they’ve been for years is because more people are spending time on social media spaces and being reminded about content on television and radio. They are also able to watch television, and listen to radio while tweeting or facebooking.

So while I can understand the gloating of television people that “this wasn’t a social media election, it was a television election” (they have been told ad nauseum for the last couple of years that television is being replaced by social media), that wasn’t entirely true.

Yes, the debates were on television. Yes, the debates were watched by a large number of people but the debates were also social objects. Whereas previously people might have commented to their partner on the sofa, in April, the thousands of comments on social media sites were shared globally. That gave the debates a significantly different feel and added to their success.

4) We also need to be clear about how we’re measuring ‘engagement’. If engagement requires that someone sees a post on facebook, contacts the party, and ends up delivering leaflets around their community on rainy evenings, then it’s true, social media didn’t have much of an impact.

Compare this with the following scenario: an apathetic student sees a post by a friend on facebook about using the slapometer during the debates. As a result they end up talking about it down the pub; they watch the debates together for fun to use the slapometer, and as a result have a conversation about the lack of discussion about student tuition fees during the debates.

This type of scenario occurred much more frequently, and I think it should certainly ‘count’ as significant, even if it is very difficult to measure reliably.

During my talk I put up the following table on one of my slides, and I think it’s worth repeating. There are different ways of measuring ‘engagement’ and it’s worth differentiating between offline and online spaces. Once we separate out these different types of ‘actions’, it gets easier to measure the impact of social media. When we lump everything together, it leads to sweeping generalisations and we fail to understand the subtleties in terms of influence and behaviour .

5) Finally, we shouldn’t dismiss humour as a measure of engagement. People only ‘get’ a joke if they understand the observation it is based upon. John Stewart’s The Daily Show works because people understand what he is poking fun at.

If an alien landed in New York and turned on Comedy Central in her hotel room, she wouldn’t be laughing, because she wouldn’t know anything about the Tea Party, or the length of time war has been waged in Afghanistan. So when people laughed at a poster of Cameron wearing a Burberry baseball cap and holding a can of Stella Artois beer, they are laughing because they know the criticisms levelled at Cameron about his education at Eton School, and the claims that he is out of touch as a result. It’s not just a fart joke.

It’s now September, and the UK election seems a long time ago. But there will be more elections, and social media will be even more influential. Next time, let’s make sure we don’t fall for simplistic characterisations of the impact of social media. Instead let’s try not to dismiss the seemingly frivolous, and remember the importance of defining key terms.

The Day After – Lessons Learned from the Crowdmap experience

Posted on
24

Late on Monday night, I wrote a short post here in anticipation of the crowdmap I’d just set up for BBC London, which I hoped would provide a useful service the following day for the London tubestrike, 7th September 2010.

It’s now Wednesday morning, and I can write, while still feeling slightly shell-shocked from the experience, that all in all, I’m very pleased with how it went.

I want to use this post to reflect on some of the things that worked, some of the things that didn’t work as well, and some things I will do differently if the next scheduled tube strike goes ahead.

Bottom line was that lots of people saw it: 18,860 unque visitors, and 39,306 page views from 55 countries. 13,808 were from the UK, 3863 from the US, and I can’t get over the fact that we had 2 people form Bermuda, 1 person from Uruguay, and 9 from Kenya, the home of the Ushahidi platform. The power of social media never ceases to amaze me.

We posted 202 reports yesterday. About 50 were sent directly to the map from the audience, either via the web form or the specific SMS channel we set up. The rest of the reports we took from twitter, either tweets in the #tubestrike stream or replies to the @BBCTravelalert account.

I can’t stress enough that getting the reports up wasn’t easy because of the time pressures. Every report, whether it was sent directly or not had to be physically approved. Nothing went straight up onto the map.

Yesterday I was ably assisted by Abigail Sawyer who works for the World Service and who wanted to see how the platform worked and how it might work in a Global context, and for 2 hours during the evening rush hour by Emma Jenkinson, a producer from BBC London who was drafted in as emergency help. We also had help from Steve Phillips, the BBC London transport reporter who was audiobooing, appearing on TV, and updating twitter like a mad thing.

During the two peak times, we were monitoring the SMS console, three twitter streams (#tubestrike, “tube AND strike”, @BBCTravealert), audioboo, emails and the BBC London facebook page.

For each report we needed to add or check:

1)    a clear headline,

2)    a description, which if it was from twitter we were cutting and pasting,

3)    the official timestamp (which frustratingly never stayed connected to the actual time so drop down menus had to be used each time),

4)    the geo-location by putting in the location box and waiting for the map to find it (we soon learned that if you just put in Waterloo, it defaulted to Waterloo in Canada so we had to write Waterloo, UK),

5)    the category (tube, train, bus etc)

6)    the verification status (we only ticked the verification box if the report had been supplied by our own reporters. We realised we couldn’t even verify information from the Transport for London website as commuters were contacting us and saying the TFL information was not up to date)

Only then could we finally approve it and then put it on the map.

Phew. Quite a process.

If you had an event which wasn’t so time sensitive or fast paced, it wouldn’t have been such an issue, but at times we were mopping sweat off our brows, feeling slightly under pressure, especially as we saw so many people tweeting about us from around the world!

That was the process.

In terms of things we learned along the way…

I) had originally chosen Google Maps as the default mapping tool, but half way through the morning rush hour we heard from Harry Wood who encouraged us to use Open Street Map,  a free editable map of the whole world, created by volunteers. It is not for profit and apparently started in London. We quickly changed the settings with one click and were immediately amazed at the improved quality of the map. It was much more accurate.

2) Although we needed to use the inbuilt time stamp, we also realised people needed to quickly see on the map itself (rather than having to click through) when information had been sent, so at lunchtime we started each headline with a time stamp we typed in.

3) At lunchtime, we had collected 90 reports, but realised it was quickly going out of date. We therefore deleted all the earlier reports and started afresh, although we did manually input all station closures, which we realised was the key bit of information people were looking for. One major problem however was that by early afternoon word had spread and I saw people tweeting – ‘good idea, shame there isn’t more information on the map’, so I was torn between trying to make the map look impressive, and it actually being useful!

Things I wished we could have done:

1)    Publicised it more beforehand. This was a crowdsourcing initiative but we didn’t talk to the crowd early enough to encourage people to take part, and to show then how it might be helpful. For obvious reasons, this was very much an experiment and the BBC was slightly nervous about shouting about something that hadn’t been tried and tested. As a result, I only published my short blog post on Monday night and we started tweeting about it on Tuesday morning but that was it. So the fact that we got the results we did, are pretty amazing (I’d say modestly!)

2)    I wish we could have had more time to thank people and to let people know we’d used their information on the map. I did it a few times when I got a chance, and unsurprisingly we saw those people posting more reports.

Things I’d encourage Ushahidi to think about:

It feels churlish to make suggestions to the platform, when I think it’s amazing and I wouldn’t have the  skills to make 1/100th of the site, but as someone who used it under pressure in this situation, here are a couple of suggestions:

1)    It would be useful if there was a scrolling news bars at the top, so we could put out top line information, which we know everyone would see by just going to the map. Something like ‘the circle line is suspended’ or ‘the roads are really starting to build with traffic’ was very hard to map. There’s no one spot on the circle line (for those who don’t know, it’s an underground line which runs in a continuous circle!)

2)    It would have been great to add more information to the first speech bubble which appeared when you clicked on a dot, e.g. a photo, an audioboo, more detail etc. I don’t think everyone was always clicking through to the next page.

3)    A way to visualise the timestamp more clearly from the map would have been great, e.g. the brighter the colour, the more recent the report. It was a shame to have to delete earlier reports.

4)    A way to differentiate between good and bad news. Most of the information we were reporting was negative – tube line suspended, traffic jams etc. Sometimes we got tips or advice about how to avoid the problems, and it would have been great if we could have shown those in a different way.

Overall, we created a map, which at many points during the day was more accurate than the Transport for London website, and which was a live and updated version of what was happening out on the streets of London. And most importantly it was built by the people of London.

If more people had known about it and understood how to upload reports it would have been even richer and even more useful and accurate.

While I don’t wish another strike on anyone, I secretly hope there’s another one so we can take crowdmap for another test drive.

Tubestrike Crowdsourcing Experiment

Posted on
7

I have been working with BBC London for the past few weeks, helping to support them with some new social media initiatives. (It should be noted they already have a strong foundation – see @BBCTravelAlert as a great example of an engaged twitterfeed). A couple of weeks ago when the London Tube strike was announced I thought it would be interesting to try out the new Ushahidi crowdmap platform. It was launched about a month ago and is an attempt to do for crowdsourced mapping what wordpress has done to blogging….basically make it foolproof.

I had seen TBD’s map in DC, and thought it would be a perfect way of easily visualising a lot of information about the strike. We’re now one hour into the strike and I’m writing this while checking the Transport for London website and updating the crowdmap with new information. So far the only updates we’ve posted have been based on official data. Hopefully tomorrow, people will start sending us their own reports via text, twitter, audioboo and the webform on the site.

The hope is that the map will become the host for photos, audio clips and commuter experiences rather than simply parroting the official information, already available on the Transport for London site. That will depend on whether the map takes off and people want to help us.

I hope so. Crowdmap is a great site, easy to use, and aware of the all the issues of verification and information management which could make this type of journalism a minefield.

Hopefully you’ll take a look at our map even if you don’t live in London and aren’t affected by the Tube strike, and will see what a great resource this can be for anyone interested in collaborative journalism projects.